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TIME: Almanac 1995
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03159937.000
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<text id=93TT1196>
<title>
Mar. 15, 1993: Reviews:Books
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Mar. 15, 1993 In the Name of God
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
REVIEWS, Page 72
BOOKS
A Tale of Two Bombs
</hdr>
<body>
<p>BRUCE W. NELAN
</p>
<qt>
<l>TITLE: Heisenberg's War</l>
<l>AUTHOR: Thomas Powers</l>
<l>PUBLISHER: Knopf; 609 Pages; $27.50</l>
</qt>
<p> THE BOTTOM LINE: This is a fascinating if argumentative
account of why Hitler never developed nuclear weapons.
</p>
<p> The Manhattan Project, America's prodigious World War II
program to build an atom bomb, was set in motion by the fear
that Hitler's Germany would produce the weapon first. Experts in
the U.S. thought German science could have a lead in the race
because a German chemist, Otto Hahn, had discovered nuclear
fission in 1938. His countryman Werner Heisenberg was
considered by many to be the world's leading physicist and was
certain to be at the center of any Nazi A-bomb effort.
</p>
<p> But when U.S. scientific intelligence teams dashed into
Germany in the final days of the war in Europe, they found only
small experimental reactors incapable of even a self-sustaining
chain reaction. Heisenberg had been working on them all right,
but with little money or organization and on a part-time basis.
Compared with the Manhattan Project, there was no German bomb
program.
</p>
<p> In his superbly researched and well-written book, Thomas
Powers proposes an explanation for the German failure. That his
case is not entirely persuasive does not dull the book's
fascination. It is a kind of police procedural, an examination
of international intelligence gathering--the sort of material
Powers handled so smoothly in his splendid 1979 look at Richard
Helms and the CIA, The Man Who Kept the Secrets.
</p>
<p> The Nazi leaders seem to have had no idea what they should
have been doing in the nuclear field and paid scant attention to
what others were working on. The U.S. actually had the facts
about the desultory German effort but were worried that they
were a smoke screen. Heisenberg, a Nobel laureate already famous
for his work in quantum mechanics, was drafted for the weapons
program in September 1939. But serious work halted in June 1942
when Heisenberg told Albert Speer, Hitler's war-production czar,
that an atom bomb could not be produced fast enough to affect
the outcome of the war. From then on, Heisenberg apparently
wanted his old scientific friends in Scandinavia, Switzerland
and the U.S. to know that Germany was working on power reactors,
not bombs.
</p>
<p> Though he said he was "not 100% anxious" to provide Hitler
with a bomb, Heisenberg never claimed he blocked the program out
of moral compunctions. This book asserts he did: "He killed it,"
Powers writes. It is a line of argument that has always upset
Manhattan Proj ect scientists because it suggests that Germans
who worked for the Nazis struck a superior moral stance. Readers
need not agree with Powers. He provides plenty of evidence and
argument on all sides of the issue.
</p>
<p> Heisenberg, who headed the Max Planck Institute after the
war and remained active until his death in 1976, may have given
his own answer on the day he learned of the atomic bombing of
Hiroshima. In a remark picked up by a hidden British microphone,
he said he and his team had not had the "moral courage" to ask
for the thousands of workers and huge resources that would have
been necessary. The price of failure would have been high for
all of them.
</p>
<p> Powers tracks the elaborate and unceasing efforts of the
American project directors to find out what was going on in
Heisenberg's laboratories in Berlin and Leipzig. The great
strength of his book is his ability to present precisely what
the German team was doing and contrast it with the baseless but
understandable American fears.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>